Understanding the Chinese Zodiac and Astrological Reckoning
Chinese Zodiac calendar showing the 12 animals and their corresponding BaGua Hexagrams
Like many great civilizations, the ancient Chinese spent time looking up at the sky, both at night and during the day, charting and counting the movements of stars and planets as well as documenting the terrestrial changes of seasons and shifts in the behaviours of plants and animals. These observations were eventually systematized into an analytical and predictive astrological model called the 12 Earthly Branches which, along with another counting system called the 10 Heavenly Stems, forms the basis for the 60-year Chinese calendrical cycle.
The 12 Branches were derived from observing the movement of the planet Jupiter as it orbits around the Sun. Likely because Jupiter is one of the more visible planetary bodies in the night sky, the ancient Chinese were able to observe that Jupiter orbits the sun about every 11.8 Earth years which can be rounded to an even 12 for calendar purposes (the reality that the cosmos does not function in whole numbers is reflected in the occasional need for mathematical functions like leap years to keep January where it is in the astronomical record as opposed to it slowly drifting toward July because of a rounding discrepancy. For more on the science of leap years and astrological adjustment, just find your way to a wikipedia rabbit hole). This number 12 accounts for the 12 months of the year and the 12 year cycle of the Chinese zodiac, now represented by the animals we have all come to know from American Chinese restaurant place mats.
The 10 Heavenly Stems have a slightly less exact origin story but the historical record of Chinese bronze statuary and tools depicting the stems dates back to at least the Shang dynasty (1550 - 1050 BC). Originally, the stems were names used to distinguish the 10 days of the week as well as naming Shang dynasty ancestors whose worship and consultation were crucial to the social and political order of the period. The inscriptions of these Stem names can be found on brass pots and censors along with honorific monikers like grandfather or mother. Exactly why these particular names were used or how they related to the tribal and governmental milieu of the period is informedly speculated but not known definitively.
As time progressed and societies developed and collapsed, the ideas of the Stems and Branches evolved and comingled with other philosophical concepts like Yin and Yang or the 5 Phases. The interplay of these mathematical and philosophical principles eventually coalesces into the sexagenary, or 60-year, Chinese calendrical system that is simply referred to as 干支 (Gānzhī).
The details of the origins for each half of the 干支 (Gānzhī) is incredibly interesting and somewhat complex on its face, but the important take-aways for us have to do with the nuance and complexity that is afforded by a system of astrological reckoning that has so many layers. Because the system is built around a list of 10 things plus a list of 12 things and then dividing that list into 2 sets (yin and yang) and then cross dividing the resulting list by 5 other things (5 phases, sometimes erroneously called elements), we end up with a list of 60 items that each have a particular nuance communicated by its stem, branch, yin/yang, and phase. This cycle repeats every 60 years with the astrological qualities of each individual year recurring in the environment and influencing life and the cosmos.
Interpreting and Applying the 干支 (Gānzhī)
It is important to note that the use of the 干支 (Gānzhī) to inform decision making or to predict outcomes is much more complex and nuanced than googling your Chinese horoscope and not wearing blue that day on the advice of some faceless internet writer (You can see my face by clicking here). A detailed reading of your individual birth chart and how it intersects with the details of any given year is essential to getting useful and actionable information specific to you. But we can talk about the qualities of any one of the 60 years in the cycle in general such that they can be integrated into your regular activity and planning for any given year.
The Ox is the second creature in the 12 Branch reckoning. Though it is worth noting that the entire system is a circle and so picking any point in the cycle and calling it first or second is an arbitrary distinction that has not always been the same throughout history. I think we feel most comfortable making such distinctions because of how we usually perceive time linearly and so it makes it easier to discuss and digest if we give something beginning and end points. I will use words like “first” as I continue to talk about the cycle, but remember that first isn’t more important or representative of a true, singular beginning; it’s just a place to start.
The Ox, in the most basic reckoning, is a beast of burden — a creature that pulls heavy loads and works long hours toward goals and purposes set forth by its human caretaker. The Ox has abundant stamina and ceaseless drive, but its efforts are not quick or impassioned. Its work is diligent, purposeful, and relatively slow. These characteristics mark the nature of an Ox year where grit and fortitude are key qualities to success during what could be a difficult year.
Importantly, an Ox is also a stubborn animal. Sometimes difficult to get moving or to follow even simple commands that deviate from what is “normal,” an Ox can be a trying companion and a difficult tool to wield. Similarly, initial movement can be the challenge of an Ox year — finding the will and drive to get things going. But once there is movement, the Ox is a master of repetition, building momentum through ritual and habit that are the secrets to its seemingly endless supply of energy.
Adding the Specific Layers of Yin 陰 and Metal 金 to this Ox Year
Taijitu 太极图 “Diagram of the Great Ultimate” showing how Yin (black) and Yang (white) flow one into the other and even at their greatest strength, always contain the seed of the other inside.
The added details that create the 60 year cycle from a 12 animal calendar are the addition of a Yin 陰 or a Yang 陽 characteristic and one of the 5 phases 五行 (Fire 火 (huǒ), Water 水 (shuǐ), Wood 木 (mù), Metal 金 (jīn), and Earth 土 (tǔ)). There are thousands of words written in English on the concepts represented by Yin, Yang, and the 5 Phases and over the course of blogs and other entries, we will be able to talk about each of them. For 2021, let’s focus on the two that affect this Ox year.
Yin 陰 is one part of a pair of categories that describe all phenomena in the cosmos. These categories are described as being mutually-dependent, mutually-transformative, and mutually-restraining. That is, Yin and Yang are rooted in each other and come from the same place (mutually-dependent), Yin and Yang are constantly changing into one another (mutually-transformative) and their natures are designed to counter-balance one another (mutually-restraining). That classic YinYang symbol (actually called the Tai Ji Tu 太极图 or the “Diagram of the Great Ultimate”) that was everywhere in the US in the 90s is a representation of these concepts in a single graphic.
For the Ox year, the yin factor suggests a more substantive quality (rather than an action/moving quality) where aspects of the Ox will accented by a tendency toward reflection, rest, and restoration. Once we add the phase into the mix, the story gets even more nuanced.
The Metal Phase 金 can be simply understood as the boundaries necessary for healthy living. This phase gives people the ability to know what is me and what is not me, what is appropriate and what is out of context, what is an open mind what is a closed one. Metal is an essential quality to balancing and navigating the often overwhelming number of inputs that we regularly have to deal with. Like many traditional conceptions of the world, this is just one small sliver of how we can understand the metal phase, but this aspect is especially relevant to our Yin Metal Ox.
So what is the Yin Metal Ox 陰金牛?
It is a year of reflecting on all the madness of the previous year: all the hoarding and frantic accumulation, all the fear and frenetic worry, and all the activity of a Yang Metal Rat (2020) striving to get what it thinks it needs to survive. Then it means taking the understanding derived from this self-aware reflection and plotting a steady course forward, editing the superfluous things gathered by the Rat and organizing what remains toward our goals and hopeful outcomes. And lastly, it means slowly and intentionally working on those goals. The Yin Metal Ox year is a year for doing but for doing in an intentional and methodical way, undistracted by wild passion or intense emotion. It’s not a year for creating things completely new but instead a time for discerning what has worked and what hasn’t and putting those lessons into well-reasoned actions that become habits. It is a year for recovering and rebuilding, for putting things in context for ourselves and for our communities, and for knowing that the cycle always moves forward.